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“An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade,” February 10, 1807, House of Commons, vol. 8, 717–22. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1807/feb/10/slave-trade-abolition-bill.
African Research & Development, vol. 6, no. 1, 1976, 8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43661421?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A4d346819d9bd66612148f77e327616cf&seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents.
Ahmed Bayoumi, “The History and Traditional Treatment of Smallpox in the Sudan,” in Journal of Eastern Studies.
“The Slave Trade,” in National Archives: Educator Resources. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/slave-trade.html#:~:text=.
Stanley M. Aronson and Lucile Newman, “God Have Mercy on this House: Being a Brief Chronicle of Smallpox in Colonial New England,” in Brown University News Service, December 12, 2002. https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2002-03/02-017t.html.
Bible, King James Version, “Philemon.” https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philemon&version=KJV.
Erin Blakemore, “How an Enslaved African Man in Boston Helped Save a Generation from Smallpox,” in History, February 1, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/smallpox-vaccine-onesimus-slave-cotton-mather.
Terri Capsules, Public Privates: Performing Gynecology from Both Ends of the Speculum (Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2012), 35.
Lowell B. Catlett, Thomas Jefferson: A Free Mind (Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing, 2004), 104.
Benjamin Colman, Some observations on the new method of receiving the small-pox by ingrafting or inoculation (Boston: B. Green, 1721), 1–28. https://archive.org/details/2546057R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n3/mode/2up.
Vennie Deas-Moore, “Cesar,” in the South Carolina Encyclopedia. https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/caesar/
W. Gill Wylie, Memorial Sketch of the Life of J. Marion Sims, M.D. (NY: D. Appleton and Company, 1884), 9. https://archive.org/details/101310238.nlm.nih.gov/page/n9/mode/2up.
Colin Dickey, “Night Doctors,” in The Paris Review, October 11, 2016. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2016/10/11/night-doctors/.
Colleen Flaherty, “Penn, Princeton Apologize for Treatment of MOVE Bombing Victim’s Remains,” in Inside Higher Ed, Apr. 29, 2021. https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/04/29/penn-princeton-apologize-treatment-move-bombing-victims-remains.
Sharon Gewirtz, “Anglo-Jewish Responses to Nazi Germany 1933–39: The Anti-Nazi Boycott and the Board of Deputies of British Jews,” in Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 26, no. 2, 1991, 258. http://www.jstor.org/stable/260791.
Joseph L. Graves Jr., The Emperor’s New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2003), 174.
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Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (NY: Mariner Books, 1998), 166.
Michael Kinch, Between Hope and Fear: A History of Vaccines and Human Immunity (NY: Pegasus Books, 2018), 81. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Between_Hope_and_Fear/yu8_DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT81.
Wilma King, “Suffer With Them Till Death: Slave Women and Their Children in Nineteenth-Century America,” in David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, eds. More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. Press, 1996), 147.
Baron H. Lerner, “Scholars Argue Over Legacy of Surgeon Who Was Lionized, Then Vilified,” in The New York Times, October 26, 2003. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/28/health/scholars-argue-over-legacy-of-surgeon-who-was-lionized-then-vilified.html.
Lois N. Magner, A History of Medicine, second ed. (Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005), 300. https://www.academia.edu/39833286/A_History_of_Medicine.
Cottom Mather, Diary of Cotton Mather, vol. 2, 1709–1724 (NY: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company: 1957), 620. https://archive.org/details/diaryofcottonmat0002math/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater.
Kelly Miller, “The Historic Background of the Negro Physician,” in The Journal of Negro History, April 1916, vol. 1, no. 2, 99–109. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3035633.
Joe Palca, NPR: Morning Edition, May 26, 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/05/26/1000400922/microneedles-may-alleviate-shots-pain-help-with-vaccines-global-distribution.
Adam Serwer, “Why a Statue of the ‘Father of Gynecology’ Had to Come Down,” in The Atlantic, April 18, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/why-a-statue-of-the-father-of-gynecology-had-to-come-down/558311/.
George Lyman Kittredge, Some Lost Works of Cotton Mather (Cambridge: John Wilson and Son, 1912), 431. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/cjtdk9ve/items?canvas=5.
J. Marion Sims, “Trismus Nascentium,” in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, 1846, 363. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c027480403&view=1up&seq=375.
J. Marion Sims, The Story of My Life (NY: D. Appleton and Company, 1884), 231. https://archive.org/details/storyofmylif00sims/page/230/mode/2up.
New York Times, July 1, 1940, 18. In a report on the death of Italo Balbo, shot down by the British over Tobruk, the newspaper reported: “His admirers here chose to forget the Blackshirt club-wielder and reputed inventor of the castor-oil treatment for Fascist foes, to welcome him as the beau ideal of young Italy resurgent.”
Michael W. Sjoding, M.D., et al., “Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement,” in New England Journal of Medicine, Letters, December 17, 2020. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2029240.
Harriet A. Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (UK: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008), 26.
Janice A. Sabin, “How we fail black patients in pain,” in Association of American Medical Colleges, January 6, 2020. https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/how-we-fail-black-patients-pain.
Theodore D. Weld, American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses (NY: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1839), 169.
Thomas Whitehead-Clarke, “More on Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement,” in New England Journal of Medicine, Letters, April 1, 2021. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2101321.